山西省高粱的青霉颖枯病

“早衰”是高粱生产和育种上存在的普遍现象。长期以来被认为是一种生理性病害。经4年研究证明它是草酸青霉(Penicilliem axalicum)和纤细交链孢霉(Allernaria allernala)于初花期浸染而引起的一种高粱穗部病害。主要症状是颖壳及与其连接的枝梗组织坏死,阻止了养分、水分向上输导,造成籽粒秕瘦变小。一般减产10％以上。这是国内首次报道的高粱新病害,定名为高粱青霉颖枯病,此病在初花期用多菌灵防治有较好效果。     

Local and systemic resistance to fungal pathogens triggered by an AVR9-mediated hypersensitive response in tomato and oilseed rape carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene

Tomato and transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing the Cf-9 resistance gene develop a hypersensitive response (HR) after injection of the corresponding Avr9 gene product. It was investigated whether induction of a HR conferred resistance to different fungal pathogens in tomato and oilseed rape. Induction of an AVR9 mediated HR at the pathogen infection site delayed the development of the biotrophs Oidium lycopersicum in tomato and Erysiphe polygoni in oilseed rape, but enhanced the development of the necrotrophs Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani in tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. Interestingly, delayed fungal disease development was observed in plant tissues surrounding the HR lesion regardless of whether a necrotrophic or biotrophic pathogen was used. In tomato, AVR9 injection induced systemic expression of PR1, PR2 and PR3 defence genes but did not induce systemic resistance to O. lycopersicum, B. cinerea or A. solani. In oilseed rape, AVR9 injection temporarily induced systemic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans and E. polygoni, but did not induce detectable systemic expression of PR1, PR2 or Cxc750. These results give new insights into the potential uses of an induced HR to engineer disease resistance.     

Ultrastructural Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide in Host Leaves Treated with AK-toxin I Produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese Pear Pathotype

The rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), called the oxidative burst, is one of the earliest host responses to pathogen infection or elicitor treatments. Therefore, we looked for the induction of ROS generation in Japanese pear leaves by the host-specific toxin, AK-toxin I using a cytochemical method for detecting H₂O₂. A small amount of non-specific generation of H₂O₂ was found in the cell walls in toxin- and water-treated susceptible and resistant leaves. Thus, the generation of H₂O₂ at cell walls appears to be caused by wounding stress during sampling. Specific generation of ROS, however, was found only in the membrane fragments and extended desmotubules characteristic of modified sites of the plasma membrane in the toxin-treated susceptible leaves. In addition, generation of H₂O₂ at plasma membranes was observed with higher frequency in toxin-treated susceptible leaves. This result indicates that the H₂O₂ generation was associated with damaged sites in the plasmalemma after toxin treatment and perhaps with the formation of membrane fragments from altered portions of the invaginated plasma membrane. Received 21 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 25 October 2001     

环境因素对芸苔链格孢生长发育的影响

研究结果表明,芸苔链格孢(Alternaria brassicae)在0—35℃下均可萌发,最适温度15—20℃。菌丝在0—30℃下均能生长,最适温度20—25℃;孢子及菌丝的致死温度为50℃,10分钟。该菌对湿度要求较严格,相对湿度在90％以上时孢子才能萌发,最适相对湿度为98％;病菌在相对湿度达93％时可以侵染,98％以上最适。脱落后孢子曝露在室内(相对湿度约63％)经1小时萌发率下降32.4％,4小时下降80％。耐旱能力较差。一般情况下紫外光能促进该菌产孢,但是对某些菌系的促进作用不明显。过长的紫外光照射对该菌产孢不利,照射160分钟孢子萌发率下降近80％。麦芽糖、蔗糖为该菌的最佳碳源;硝态氮、有机氮是该菌的良好氮源。pH值为4—6时有利于分生孢子萌发,强酸、强碱对分生孢子萌发有抑制作用。     

小麦假黑胚病的研究

小麦假黑胚病近年在全疆普遍发生,一般发病率在1.5—20％,严重者达35％。受害病粒胚部变成黑褐色,经分离发现,主要由Alternaria造成。该菌分生孢子梗橄褐色,1—8个横隔膜,大小为25—80.5×4.5—6.1微米。分生孢子单生或串生,淡褐色至深褐色,倒棍棒形。孢身具2—8个横隔膜,0—3个纵隔膜,隔膜处缢缩,大小9—38×6—18微米,多具喙,喙不分枝,具0—4个隔膜。在人工培养下,病菌形态变化较大。在乳熟至蜡熟期接种,25℃下保湿36小时,潜育期3天。鉴定该病原真菌为Alternaria alternata(Fr.)Keissler。种子带菌与田间发病无直接相关性。药剂拌种无效。     

先旱后涝胁迫下水稻茎蘖及株高动态响应

为了解先旱后涝胁迫下水稻的茎蘖和株高生长动态,采用测坑试验方法研究先旱后涝胁迫对水稻分蘖数和株高的影响,根据分蘖变化拟合分析了水稻茎蘖消长动力学模型,根据株高动态变化拟合了Logistic增长模型.试验结果表明:先旱后涝胁迫过程在分蘖期和拔节孕穗期均不同程度地抑制水稻分蘖;水稻在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受涝可促进株高增长,在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受旱则抑制株高增长;茎蘖消长动力学模型较好地拟合了茎蘖消长的过程,具有实践意义;Logistic模型拟合株高动态变化拟合度也较高,且适用合理.研究结果可为合理制定灌溉方案和提高水稻产量提供依据.     

不同灌水处理对小桐子生长及耐盐性的影响

为研究不同灌水处理对小桐子生长及耐盐性的影响,取1 a生小桐子幼苗为试验材料,设置19.80,19.80和39.60(交替灌溉),39.60 mm 3个水平的灌水处理;3个水平的施盐处理:每50 g风干土中NaCl分析纯为0,0.15,0.30 g,并监测小桐子的形态,根区Na⁺环境以及植物体Na⁺累积的情况.结果表明:小桐子有一定的耐盐性,受到每50 g风干土中含有0.30 g NaCl分析纯盐胁迫时,交替灌溉处理更有利于小桐子的生长;随着盐浓度的增大,小桐子根区土壤电导率增大的幅度逐渐减小,同时,盐浓度的增大使土层中Na⁺含量增大的幅度也逐渐减小,小桐子干样中各器官Na⁺含量从大到小依次为叶片、根部、茎;19.80 和39.60 mm交替的灌溉方式比39.60 mm灌溉方式节水25%,但小桐子的生长并未受到影响,且各器官钠离子含量差异不具有统计学意义.本试验条件下,受到不同程度盐胁迫的小桐子,19.80和39.60 mm交替的灌溉方式更有利于小桐子生长,提高其耐盐性.     

干湿交替灌溉和施氮量对水稻内源激素及氮素利用的影响

为探讨干湿交替灌溉与施氮水平对水稻根系内源激素水平及氮肥利用的影响,以连粳7号为材料,采用防雨棚土培试验,研究3个灌溉方式:浅水层灌溉、轻度干湿交替灌溉、重度干湿交替灌溉与3个氮肥水平(0、240和360 kg/hm2)对水稻根系内源激素(玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA))、叶片氮代谢酶活性(硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT))、植株氮素累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响及其耦合效应。研究结果表明:在相同施氮水平下,轻度干湿交替灌溉促进根系Z+ZR、IAA合成,提高叶片中NR、GS及GOGAT活性,氮肥吸收利用率显著提高(P0.05);重度干湿交替灌溉则抑制根系Z+ZR、IAA合成,降低叶片NR、GS及GOGAT活性,植株氮素累积量及氮肥利用效率显著降低(P0.05),而根系ABA含量则明显增加(P0.05);在相同灌溉方式下,根系Z+ZR、IAA含量、叶片氮代谢酶活性及氮肥累积量在保持水层及轻度干湿交替下随着施氮量的增加而增加,而在重度干湿交替灌溉下则随着施氮量的增加先增加后降低,中氮处理明显提高氮肥利用效率(P0.05)。相关分析表明:根系合成的Z+ZR、IAA及叶片中氮代谢酶活性与氮肥吸收利用率呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的正相关关系,而脱落酸含量则与氮肥吸收利用率呈极显著的负相关关系(P0.01)。根系合成的Z+ZR、IAA及叶片中氮代谢酶供氮效应为正效应,抽穗后,轻度干湿交替灌溉供水效应及耦合效应为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉则为负效应。该研究对探索水氮耦合机理,为水稻高产高效栽培实践提供理论及科学依据。     

Isolation and Identification of Antifungal Ingredients from Artemisia hedinii北大核心CSCD

The extraction of Artemisia hedinii Ostenf. et Pauls(A. hedinii) were rough and further isolated by chromatographic separation technology, and the antifungal activity of the component was evaluated by the the spore germination method. Furthermore, the composition of antimicrobial components was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The results showed that 13 kinds of components(Fr.1-Fr.13) were rough isolated from the extraction of A. hedinii, in which the component Fr.5 showed the best antifungal activity. Four kinds of components (Fr.5.1-Fr.5.4) were obtained by the further separation of the component Fr.5. The EC50 of A. hedinii crude extraction on Alternaria alternate (A.alternate) spores was 5.04 g/L, and that of the component Fr.5.2 was 0.57 g/L. The HPLC-MS results showed that the components of Fr.5.2 mainly contained deoxy double hydroxyl artemether (17 %),deoxy dihydroartemisinin (43.65 %) and deoxyartemisinin (16.15 %). The content of dihydroartemisinin of component Fr.5.2 was calculated as 40.95 % by using dihydroartemisinin as the standard. The EC50 of dihydroartemisinin on A.alternate was 2.70 g/L, indicating that the major antifungal matter in component Fr.5.2 was artemisinin derivatives. © 2018, Editorial Board of «Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products». All right reserved.     

Influence of fungicides on gas exchange of pecan foliage

There are several fungicide chemistries used for disease control on pecan (Carya illinoinensis), but there is little or no knowledge of subtle short‐ or long‐term side effects of these chemistries on host physiological processes, including net photosynthesis (P_n). This study quantifies the impact of several fungicides used to control scab on P_n and other gas exchange characteristics of pecan foliage and provides much‐needed insight to ensure proper usage in commercial pecan operations. Multiple field experiments found that certain fungicide chemistries have the potential to reduce P_n, stomatal conductance (C_s), transpiration rate (T_r) and water use efficiency (E_w; P_n/T_r), whereas others are benign. For example, neither triphenyltin hydroxide nor the triazoles tested had a negative impact on gas exchange characteristics, regardless of when measurements were taken or the number of spray applications. However, dodine, phosphorous acid, ziram and certain strobilurins were capable of suppressing gas exchange, especially P_n, up to several weeks after a single treatment. Suppression of P_n by some fungicides was relatively short term, but was long term or permanent for other fungicides. In certain cases, leaf P_n was suppressed by as much as 50–80% for at least several weeks after a single exposure. These studies suggest that use of fungicides in commercial pecan orchards might result in negative side effects that need to be taken into consideration when determining how best to use these fungicides in pecan disease management.